Exploring Social Norms and Control Coercive on Intimate Partner Violence in the Young. Implications for Prevention.

This empirical work focuses on social norms as a way of transmitting psychological violence in young people, which could be affecting the effectiveness of preventive programs in dating violence. These programs are effective in changing beliefs, but new intervention approaches are in demand due to the former's limitations in achieving behavioral changes. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate that some dimensions of psychological violence are transmitted as a descriptive social norm, without any need of victimization. In a sample of 1,265 people (18-25 years old) and through two different studies, we explored the perception of prescriptive and descriptive social norms in situations of coercive control applied to three contexts (Study 1), isolation and domination (Study 2), under the hypothesis that coercive control is passed on as a descriptive social norm between peers. Characteristics describing diversity are taken into account. The results in frequency and Structural Equation Model analysis confirm the main hypothesis, because both perceptions are not correlated. Social norms no covariate with social characteristics. Same cannot be said of isolation and domination, leading to three conclusions for prevention. (1) Not all psychological violence works the same. Coercive control starts from a primary cognitive process that requires complementary actions, based for example on the cognitive hierarchy among social norms; (2) Preventive programs are often based on "prescribed" behaviors, related to the consequences they have on victims, whereas the descriptive social norm found in this study does not correlate with victimization, unless control is applied to specific contexts. Therefore, an additional effort in prevention could go deeper with more specific behaviors that show both the different types of psychological violence and the contexts of application; (3) Finally, at the policy level, results found call for the need for preventive efforts on psychological violence in the 18 to 25 age group and specific awareness campaigns.

Predictors of burnout in female nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of burnout in female nurses during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also sought to evaluate the relationship between each of the variables studied (anxiety, depression, sociodemographic and COVID-19 variables) and the dimensions of the burnout. BACKGROUND: One of the groups of health care workers worst affected by the COVID-19 crisis has been women working as nursing staff, due to the high percentage they account for at a global level and their direct contact with infected patients. DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional, quantitative study. METHODS: Four hundred forty-four Spanish female nurses from hospital and primary health care centres took part in the study. The data were obtained in 2020 by means of an online survey. RESULTS: Symptoms of depression are a common predictor variable to all the dimensions of burnout, whereas symptoms of anxiety predict emotional exhaustion and depersonalization. Age and years of experience in the job predict depersonalization, whereas the probability of contracting the infection is a predictor variable of emotional exhaustion and personal accomplishment. CONCLUSION: Predictor variables should be considered in the creation of prevention and intervention plans to reduce the levels of burnout in female nurses.

Modelo esfuerzo-recompensa, salud y enfermedad en personal sanitario: una revisión sistemática / Effort-Reward Model and health and disease in healthcare workers: A systematic reviews

Scientific literature has shown relation between the perception of a high Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) and poor health or disease in healthcare workers. The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of how psychosocial risks in the work environment, conceptualized from the effort-reward imbalance model, influence different dimensions of health or illness in health care professionals. Articles that were published between 2010 and 2019 were reviewed by consulting Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO and Scopus databases. 27 scientific articles were included. High ERI and over-commitment are associated with poor health or disease in different dimensions.The main limitations of this review are a possible publication bias and the impossibility of establishing causal relationships between environmental psychosocial risks and health or illness. It is necessary to address the psychosocial risks of the health care work environment and to implement improvement programs to achieve a good balance between efforts and rewards.

La bibliografía científica ha evidenciado asociaciones entre la percepción de un alto desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa (Effort-Reward Imbalance, ERI) y mala salud o enfermedad en sanitarios. En este trabajo se realizó una revisión sistemática de estudios que analizaron cómo influyen los riesgos psicosociales del entorno laboral, conceptualizados desde el modelo del desequilibrio esfuerzo-recompensa, en diferentes dimensiones de salud o enfermedad en personal sanitario. Para ello, se revisaron artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2019 consultando las bases de datos Web of Knowledge, PsycINFO y Scopus. Se incluyeron 27 artículos científicos. Un alto ERI y un exceso de compromiso (sobrecompromiso) se asocian con mala salud o enfermedad en personal sanitario. Las principales limitaciones de esta revisión son un posible sesgo de publicación y la imposibilidad de establecer relaciones de causalidad entre los riesgos psicosociales del entorno y la salud o enfermedad. Es necesario evaluar los riesgos psicosociales del entorno laboral de los sanitarios y desarrollar y aplicar programas de intervención para que haya un ajuste adecuado entre esfuerzos y recompensas.

Mental Health, Burnout, and Resilience in Healthcare Professionals After the First Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Spain: A Longitudinal Study.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine whether there are differences in symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, levels of burnout and resilience in Spanish healthcare staff between the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and after it, depending on several demographic and work-related variables. METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted in April 2020 (T0), and July 2020 (T1). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, depression, anxiety, burnout, levels of resilience, along with demographic and work-related variables in 443 workers were assessed. RESULTS: Symptoms and burnout were more pronounced at T0, whereas the levels of resilience were higher at T1. Being women, being young, holding a lower-level job, less years of experience, lower educational level, and/or working rotating shifts are associated with having more posttraumatic stress symptoms and burnout. CONCLUSION: These variables would be considered in similar situations.

Perception of Health, Resilience, and Engagement in Spanish Police Officers During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the police force was one of the institutions that was most exposed to possible infections, in addition to suffering stressful situations that affect health. This study aims to independently assess the relationship between demographic, work, and COVID-19 variables, and resilience, engagement, and the perception of health, as well as to evaluate which variables are more important when predicting health perceptions. METHOD: 640 Spanish police officers were evaluated through a cross-sectional design and online survey. RESULTS: The perception of the lack of personal protective equipment, believing that it is easy to become infected with COVID-19, or working as a police officer were associated with low levels of engagement and resilience and a worse perception of health. More years of experience in the police force was associated with worse health and lower levels of engagement and resilience. Engagement and resilience would be protective variables of health. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to promote practices related to engagement and resilience in the police force. The discussion emphasizes that more experienced police officers demonstrate less engagement and resilience.

Adaptation of the Beliefs about Well-Being Scale to the Spanish population / Adaptación de la Escala de Creencias sobre el Bienestar a la población española

The study of happiness and well-being is receiving increased attention in different fields. Recent research into well-being has focused on delving deeper into the individual's conception about the experience of well-being. McMahan and Estes (2011a) created a scale that assesses lay conceptions of well-being based on four dimensions: the experience of pleasure, avoidance of negative experience, self-development and contribution to others. The goal of this study was to adapt this scale, the Beliefs about Well-Being Scale (BWBS), to the Spanish population. The sample consisted of 1,024 participants from the general population ranging in age interval from 17 to 87 years old. The confirmatory factorial analysis results in a structure of four dimensions, similar to the original scale, although in the adaptation of the scale the items decrease from 16 to 12. The results of the reliability analysis reveal indexes similar to those of the original scale. These results confirm the validity of Beliefs about Well-Being Scale with general population in a cultural context different from the original study. This will allow cross-cultural studies to analyze the influence of culture in the perception of well-being

El estudio de la felicidad y el bienestar está recibiendo cada vez más atención en diferentes campos. Las investigaciones recientes sobre el bienestar se han centrado en profundizar en la concepción del individuo sobre la experiencia del bienestar. McMahan y Estes (2011a) crearon una escala que evalúa las concepciones legas del bienestar en base a cuatro dimensiones: la experiencia de placer, la evitación de la experiencia negativa, el autodesarrollo y la contribución a los demás. El objetivo de este estudio fue adaptar esta escala, Beliefs about Well-Being Scale (BWBS), a la población española. La muestra estuvo formada por 1.024 participantes de la población general con un intervalo de edad entre 17 y 87 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio da como resultado una estructura de cuatro dimensiones, similar a la escala original, aunque en la adaptación de la escala los ítems disminuyen de 16 a 12. Los resultados del análisis de fiabilidad revelan índices similares a los de la escala original. Estos resultados confirman la validez de la Escala de Creencias sobre el Bienestar con población general en un contexto cultural diferente al del estudio original. Esto permitirá realizar estudios transculturales para analizar la influencia de la cultura en la percepción del bienestar

Occupational Stress in Spanish Police Officers: Validating the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire.

The Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire (hereinafter, ERIQ) has been largely used worldwide to assess job stress, but it has not yet been applied in Spanish police. The objective of this study was to examine the construct validity and the internal consistency of the ERIQ in police officers. A cross-sectional study was carried out, using a nonprobability sampling (quota). A total of 217 Spanish police officers participated, 192 men (88.47%) and 25 women (11.53%). The mean age was 41 years (SD = 7.51). These police officers completed the ERIQ together with some other questionnaires (DECORE-21, MBI, GHQ and STAI) in order to provide evidence for validity based on the relationships to other constructs. A confirmatory factor analysis was performed and a matrix of correlations with the rest of constructs was created. The results showed an appropriate fit to the original model consisting of three scales. In addition, the scales of the ERIQ presented the expected relationship with the other constructs. The ERIQ is a valid instrument for assessing occupational stress in Spanish police officers and can improve the interventions in this professional group.

Exploring the Role of Aggressor's Social Class in Rape and Its Relation to Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance.

The purpose of this research was to analyze whether the social class of the aggressor and the degree of right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance influence the blaming of the victim in a case of rape suffered by a woman. Participating in the study was a sample of 216 university students (82 men and 136 women). The participants read a rape scenario in which the aggressor's social class was manipulated (high social class vs. low social class) and responded to a questionnaire about the blame of the victim, a questionnaire about right-wing authoritarianism, and a questionnaire about social dominance. The results show that the victim was blamed more when the aggressor was from a low social class and when the participants had high scores in right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance. They also reflect an interaction between the social class of the aggressor and social dominance: Participants who scored high in social dominance blamed the victim more when the aggressor was from a low social class.

Perception of Health, Resilience, and Engagement in Spanish Police Officers During the COVID-19 Pandemic / Salud Percibida, Resiliencia y Compromiso en Policías Españoles Durante la Pandemia por COVID-19

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the police force was one of the institutions that was most exposed to possible infections, in addition to suffering stressful situations that affect health. This study aims to independently assess the relationship between demographic, work, and COVID-19 variables, and resilience, engagement, and the perception of health, as well as to evaluate which variables are more important when predicting health perceptions. Method: 640 Spanish police officers were evaluated through a cross-sectional design and online survey. Results: The perception of the lack of personal protective equipment, believing that it is easy to become infected with COVID-19, or working as a police officer were associated with low levels of engagement and resilience and a worse perception of health. More years of experience in the police force was associated with worse health and lower levels of engagement and resilience. Engagement and resilience would be protective variables of health. Conclusions: It is necessary to promote practices related to engagement and resilience in the police force. The discussion emphasizes that more experienced police officers demonstrate less engagement and resilience. (AU)

Antecedentes: durante la pandemia por COVID-19, el colectivo policial ha sido uno de los más expuestos a posibles contagios, además de sufrir situaciones estresantes que afectan a la salud. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar independientemente la relación entre las variables demográficas, del trabajo y COVID-19, y la resiliencia, el engagement y la percepción sobre la salud, así como evaluar qué variables tienen más peso a la hora de predecir la percepción sobre la salud. Método: se evaluó a 640 policías españoles mediante un diseño transversal y encuesta online. Resultados: la falta de equipos de protección individual, creer que es fácil infectarse por COVID-19 o trabajar como agente se asocian a niveles bajos de engagement y resiliencia y peor percepción de la salud. El aumento en los años de experiencia en el cuerpo policial se asocia a peor salud y a bajos niveles de engagement y resiliencia. El engagement y la resiliencia serían variables protectoras de la salud. Conclusiones: es necesario fomentar prácticas relacionadas con el engagement y la resiliencia en el colectivo policial. Se destaca que los policías con más experiencia muestran menos engagement y resiliencia. (AU)

Influencia del proceso de aculturación en la percepción de riesgos psicosociales en el trabajo / The relationship between the process of acculturation and the perception of psychosocial risks in the workplace

OBJETIVO: Los objetivos del presente estudio son analizar las relaciones existentes entre las estrategias de aculturación y los factores de riesgo psicosocial, el estrés aculturativo y los riesgos psicosociales, y evaluar si existen diferencias en estrés aculturativo dependiendo del sector de actividad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La muestra estuvo formada por 201 personas trabajadoras migrantes que viven en la Comunidad de Madrid (49%) y procedentes en su mayoría de países de Europa oriental y de América del Sur. Se evaluaron las estrategias de aculturación con el cuestionario Modelo Ampliado de Aculturación Relativa (MAAR), el estrés aculturativo con la escala Barcelona de Estrés del Inmigrante (Barcelona Immigrant Stress Scale [BISS]) y los riesgos psicosociales con el cuestionario DECORE. El diseño fue transversal. RESULTADOS: Los resultados muestran que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la estrategia utilizada por hombres y mujeres para cada ámbito de aculturación. Los sujetos que utilizan la estrategia de marginación tienen percepción de bajo salario, los que adoptan la estrategia intermedia perciben poco control sobre su trabajo, mientras que los que adoptan la estrategia de integración perciben más demandas laborales (trabajo con más contenido). El estrés aculturativo se muestra como predictor de la percepción adversa del entorno laboral (bajo control, bajas recompensas y poco apoyo social). Por otra parte, las personas trabajadoras de más edad perciben más control sobre su trabajo y los empleados del sector de los servicios para el hogar tienen puntuaciones mayores en nostalgia y estrés psicosocial que los del resto de sectores evaluados. CONCLUSIONES: Se deben poner en marcha dentro de las organizaciones medidas para minimizar el estrés aculturativo, promover la integración de este grupo de personas trabajadoras y mejorar su percepción de los factores de riesgo psicosocial

OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to analyze the relationships between acculturation strategies and psychosocial risk factors, the acculturative stress and the psychosocial risks, and to assess whether there are differences in acculturative stress depending on the activity sector. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The sample consisted of 201 migrant workers living in the Community of Madrid (49%). Most of them were originally from countries from Eastern Europe and South America. Using a cross-sectional design, we applied Relative Acculturation Extended Model (MAAR) questionnaire to measure acculturation strategies; Barcelona Immigrant Stress Scale (BISS) was applied to measure acculturative stress and psychosocial risks were assessed through the DECORE questionnaire. RESULTS: The results showed that there are no statistically significant differences in the strategy used by men and women for each area of acculturation. Participants who used the Marginalization strategy perceived their salary as being low while those who adopted the Intermediate strategy perceived little control over their work. Those who adopted the Integration strategy perceive more work demands (higher job content). Acculturative stress is a predictor of adverse perception of work environment (low control, low rewards and low social support). On the other hand, older workers perceive more control over their work and employees in the home services sector have higher scores in Nostalgia and Psychosocial Stress than those in other sectors. CONCLUSIONS: Within organizations, measures must be put in place to minimize acculturative stress, promote the integration of the workers and improve their perception of psychosocial work factors

Prejudice and Feeling of Threat towards Syrian Refugees: The Moderating Effects of Precarious Employment and Perceived Low Outgroup Morality.

Refugees frequently experience traumatic situations that result in the deterioration of their psychological well-being. In addition, perceived prejudice and discrimination against them by the host society can worsen their mental health. In this research study, using a Spanish sample, prejudice towards Syrian refugees is analyzed taking into account feeling of threat (realistic or symbolic), precarious employment, and perceived outgroup morality. Using a total of 365 participants, our results reveal that individuals feel more prejudice towards refugees when the former scored higher in realistic threat and symbolic threat, were in a highly precarious situation of employment and perceived refugees as being more immoral. Furthermore, it was found that persons who scored high in realistic threat and at the same time were in a situation of precarious employment, were those who displayed greater prejudice. The results likewise pointed to individuals who scored high in symbolic threat and in outgroup morality as being those who felt greater rejection towards the refugees. Accordingly, our results confirm the importance of feeling of threat in relation to prejudice, and highlight two important moderating factors: precarious employment and perceived outgroup morality.

Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The number of health workers infected with COVID-19 in Spain is one of the highest in the world. The aim of this study is to analyse posttraumatic stress, anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Associations between burnout, resilience, demographic, work and COVID-19 variables are analysed. Cross-sectional data on 1422 health workers were analysed. A total of 56.6% of health workers present symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, 58.6% anxiety disorder, 46% depressive disorder and 41.1% feel emotionally drained. The profile of a health worker with greater posttraumatic stress symptoms would be a person who works in the Autonomous Community of Madrid, in a hospital, is a woman, is concerned that a person he/she lives with may be infected, and thinks that he/she is very likely to be infected. The risk variables for anxiety and depression would be a person that is a woman, working 12- or 24-h shifts, and being worried that a family member could be infected. High scores on emotional exhaustion and depersonalization are risk factors for mental health, with resilience and personal fulfilment being protective variables. Data are provided to improve preventive measures for occupational health workers.

Psychosocial Risk Factors, Burnout and Hardy Personality as Variables Associated With Mental Health in Police Officers.

Among the variables associated with occupational stress, two of the most studied are the adverse perceptions of psychosocial risk factors in the workplace and burnout. With the rise of positive psychology, other variables of the individual type, such as hardy personality have also been the subject of study. No studies have been found that jointly examine these variables related to mental health in police officers. The aim of this research was to analyze which variables were associated with mental health in police officers. A total of 223 policemen (202 men and 21 women) participated in a cross-sectional study. Of all the variables, emotional exhaustion and perception of problems as challenges were the only factors introduced in the regression model. These factors must be considered to improve both human resource interventions and occupational health practices in this professional group.

DECORE-21: Assessment of occupational stress in police. Confirmatory factor analysis of the original model.

There is scarce research on stress in Spanish police officers and on the use of instruments to assess this construct in this professional group. In Spain, the DECORE questionnaire has been one of the most used. Nevertheless, it had not been previously applied to police officers. The aim of this study was to analyze both the construct validity and the reliability of the original model of 44 items. A cross-sectional design and a non-probabilistic quota sampling were used. A total of 223 Spanish police officers participated. 202 police personnel were men (90.6%) and 21 were women (9.4%). The average age was 41 years old (SD = 7.52). These police officers answered the DECORE questionnaire. Confirmatory Factor Analysis was carried out. The results showed an unsatisfactory adjustment using the original model of 44 items. A final solution of 21 items and four factors was formulated with both suitable validity and reliability indexes. In this model, 23 items that did not weigh highly in any of the four factors were removed. The DECORE-21 questionnaire is recommended to assess work-related stress in police officers.

Factores de riesgo psicosocial como predictores del bienestar laboral: un análisis SEM / Psychosocial risk factors as predictors of occupational well-being: A SEM analysis

ANTECEDENTES: Las aproximaciones teóricas sobre el bienestar laboral lo identifican con variables como la satisfacción, la motivación y el estrés. A su vez, en estas variables influyen los factores de riesgo psicosocial del entorno laboral, los cuales se relacionan con la salud de los trabajadores. OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue validar un modelo de bienestar laboral a partir de la evaluación de la percepción de los factores de riesgo psicosocial. Se aplicó el cuestionario DECORE a 865 trabajadores de distintas empresas del sector terciario en la Comunidad de Madrid. Posteriormente, se efectuaron diversos análisis factoriales confirmatorios (procedimiento máxima verosimilitud) sobre las distintas variables realizadas. RESULTADOS: Tanto al evaluar los factores de riesgo psicosocial como el bienestar laboral, los índices de ajuste resultan apropiados. Todas las variables latentes se reúnen en un mismo modelo para analizar las relaciones subyacentes entre ellas. Los índices de ajuste son, asimismo, adecuados. CONCLUSIONES: La percepción que tiene el trabajador de los factores de riesgo psicosocial resultó ser un predictor de su bienestar laboral, entendido como altos niveles de satisfacción y motivación, y bajos niveles de estrés percibido

ANTECEDENTS: Theoretical approaches on occupational well-being have identified several intervening variables such as satisfaction, motivation and occupational stress. Psychosocial risk factors at work have an influence on these variables as well as on workers' health. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to validate a model of occupational well-being by assessing perceived psychosocial risk factors in a sample of 865 workers from different service sector businesses by means of the DECORE questionnaire. Subsequently, several confirmatory factor analyses (maximum likelihood estimators) on the different analyzed variables were performed. RESULTS: On having evaluated psychosocial risk factors and occupational well-being, the indexes of adjustment turned out to be appropriate. All the latent variables were included in the same model in order to gather information on the underlying relationships between them. The fit indices were also suitable. CONCLUSIONS: Workers' perception of psychosocial risk factors was a predictor of occupational well-being, defined as high levels of satisfaction and motivation together with low levels of perceived stress

Asociación entre la percepción de condiciones laborales adversas y depresión: una revisión sistemática / Association between the perception of adverse working conditions and depressive symptomatology: A systematic review

ANTECEDENTES: La bibliografía científica ha señalado que existe relación entre la percepción adversa de los riesgos psicosociales y depresión, a pesar de ser escasos los estudios longitudinales sobre esta temática. OBJETIVO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de investigaciones longitudinales en las que la percepción adversa de los factores de riesgo psicosocial se asociaba con depresión en el ámbito laboral. MÉTODO: Se revisaron artículos publicados entre 2011 y 2015 utilizando las bases de datos Psycinfo, Web of Knowledge y PubMed. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron cuatro artículos científicos de un total de 588 estudios. Percibir: altas demandas laborales, escaso control, desequilibrio entre los esfuerzos y las recompensas obtenidas, el conflicto trabajo-familia, la falta de supervisión, la inseguridad laboral, realizar horas extra, trabajar fines de semana, ocupar puestos de menor categoría y presentar menor antigüedad laboral se asociaban con depresión. CONCLUSIONES: Se considera necesario tener en cuenta estos factores para mejorar la salud laboral

BACKGROUND: The scientific literature shows that there is a relation between the perception of adverse psychosocial risk factors and depression, despite the few longitudinal studies on this topic.OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to carry out a systematic review of longitudinal studies in which the perception of adverse psychosocial working conditions was associated with depression in the organizational context. METHOD: Articles published between 2011 and 2015 were reviewed using PsycINFO, Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases. RESULTS: Out of 588 studies, only four scientific articles were obtained. Results indicate that high perception of job demands, scarce control over demands, effort-reward imbalance, perceived work-family conflict, lack of supervision, job insecurity, working overtime, working on weekends when holding positions of low occupational grade and lower professional tenure are associated with depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These factors need to be taken into account in order to improve occupational health